statutory deficit-control measures — spending caps, pay-as-you-go requirements, and sequestration. Following adoption of the budget resolution, Congress considers the annual appropriations bills, which fund discretionary programs for the coming fiscal year, and considers legislation to enact changes to mandatory spending or revenue laws within the dollar constraints specified in the budget resolution. FILTER CONTENT: Families Business Individuals Jobs Health. A dispute over delay or defunding of health reform legislation between President Obama and congressional Republicans led to a 16-day shutdown of ordinary government operations beginning October 1, 2013. Mechanisms exist to enforce the terms of the budget resolution during the consideration of such legislation, and a special mechanism known as “reconciliation” exists to expedite the consideration of mandatory spending and tax legislation. Second, the President’s budget lays out his relative priorities for federal programs — how much he believes should be spent on defense, agriculture, education, health, and so on. If Congress doesn’t pass or the President will not sign a continuing resolution because it contains provisions he finds unacceptable, agencies that have not received funding through the ordinary appropriations process must shut down operations. Moreover, budget legislation is subject to statutory deficit-control requirements.

Budget authority represents a limit on the new financial obligations federal agencies may incur (by signing contracts or making grants, for example), and is generally the focus of Congress’ budgetary decisions. We have a right and responsibility to choose our elected officials by voting, and to hold them accountable for representing our priorities. The President's budget is very specific, recommending funding levels for individual “budget accounts” — federal programs or small groups of programs. If you want to know more about how budgets are tabled in the House of Commons, what happens to budgets after they are tabled, and how they fit into the government's annual financial cycle, check out this related information on the Parliamentary website . Budget documents . The budgeting process progresses in stages: Plans are made, funds are allocated and new information leads to revisions. This backgrounder describes the laws and procedures under which Congress decides how much money to spend each year, what to spend it on, and how to raise the money to cover some or all of that spending. (The President’s request is supposed to come by the first Monday in February, but sometimes the submission is delayed, particularly when a new Administration takes office or congressional action on the prior year’s budget has been delayed.) A House-Senate conference then resolves any differences, and the budget resolution for the year is adopted when both houses pass the conference agreement. And while the federal budget may not currently reflect the values of a majority of Americans, the ultimate power over the U.S. government lies with the people. Guaranteeing the Essential Services . Outlays, because they represent actual cash flow, help determine the size of the overall deficit or surplus. When that happens, the previous year’s resolution, which is a multi-year plan, stays in effect, although the House, the Senate, or both can and typically do adopt special procedures to set different spending levels (see box: What if There Is No Budget Resolution?).

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