"Romanism" meant Roman Catholics, especially Irish Americans, who ran the Democratic Party in most cities, and whom the reformers denounced for political corruption and their separate parochial-school system. Art and literature flourished, and the rich filled their lavish homes with expensive works of art and elaborate décor. Schneirov, Richard. But while the middle and upper classes enjoyed the allure of city life, little changed for the poor. Anti-black violence, lynchings, segregation, legal racial discrimination, and expressions of white supremacy increased.

Others, especially the Jews, had been driven out of Eastern Europe and had no intention of returning. Then in 1969 I brought out a narrative account of Gilded Age politics, From Hayes to McKinley. In small towns people mostly walked to their destination so they continued to rely on dirt and gravel into the 1920s. [89] Former President Ulysses S. Grant was the most famous victim of scoundrels and con-men, of whom he most trusted Ferdinand Ward. Natives of the West came in conflict with expansion by miners, ranchers and settlers. American steel production rose to surpass the combined totals of Britain, Germany, and France. The European Americans strongly disliked the Chinese for their alien life-styles and threat of low wages. [144] Cotton became even more important than before, as poor whites needed the cash that cotton would bring. [51] John D. Rockefeller donated over $500 million to various charities, slightly over half his entire net worth. These votes would be repaid with favors back from the government once the appropriate candidate was elected; and very often candidates were selected based on their willingness to play along with the spoils system. Roald Amundsen was the first person to reach the South Pole. The term was adopted by literary and cultural critics as well as historians, including Van Wyck Brooks, Lewis Mumford, Charles Austin Beard, Mary Ritter Beard, Vernon Louis Parrington, and Matthew Josephson. Blacks who were economically successful faced reprisals or sanctions. Unions crusaded for the eight-hour working day, and the abolition of child labor; middle class reformers demanded civil service reform, prohibition of liquor and beer, and women's suffrage. In 1906, activist journalist and novelist Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle to expose horrendous working conditions in the meatpacking industry.

Hoogenboom, Ari, and Olive Hoogenboom, eds. [86] Historian Howard Zinn argues that the U.S. government was acting exactly as Karl Marx described capitalist states: "pretending neutrality to maintain order, but serving the interests of the rich". Gilded Age politics, called the “Third Party System,” featured very close contests between the Republicans and Democrats (with occasional third-party political campaigns by farmers and labor unions), civil service reform, organized movements that enlisted many women working for prohibition and women’s suffrage, the strengthening of big city machines, and the transition from party to modern interest-group politics. The Gilded Age saw a rise in unhealthy and dangerous working conditions. Another journalist, Ida Tarbell, spent years investigating the underhanded rise of oilman John D. Rockefeller. Big-city streets became paths for faster and larger and more dangerous vehicles, the pedestrians beware. Those who refused to assimilate remained in poverty on reservations, supported until now by Federal food, medicine and schooling. Her 19-part series, also published in McClure in 1902, led to the breakup of Rockefeller’s monopoly, the Standard Oil Company. In 1887, the Dawes Act proposed to divide tribal land and parcel out 160 acres (0.65 km²) of land to each head of family. White southerners showed a reluctance to move north, or to move to cities, so the number of small farms proliferated, and they became smaller as the population grew. The growth of railroads from 1850s to 1880s made commercial farming much more feasible and profitable. "[60] In 1886, economist and New York Mayoral candidate Henry George, author of Progress and Poverty, stated "Chattel slavery is dead, but industrial slavery remains. [182] At the end of the period nursing schools opened up new opportunities for women, but medical schools remained nearly all male. The Chinese population declined to only 37,000 in 1940. The new immigrants who arrived after 1890 seldom voted at this time.

Some of them were prosperous farmers who had the cash to buy land and tools in the Plains states especially. The promotion of muscular Christianity became popular among young men on campus and in urban YMCAs, as well as such denominational youth groups such as the Epworth League for Methodists and the Walther League for Lutherans. By 1900, about 40 percent of Americans lived in major cities. Many scholars call the era the “medieval period” instead; “Middle Ages,” they say, incorrectly implies that the period is an ...read more, The Iron Age was a period in human history that started between 1200 B.C. [85], Large cities became dominated by political machines in which constituents supported a candidate in exchange for anticipated patronage. The “nadir of American race relations” is a phrase that refers to the period in U.S. history from the end of Reconstruction through the early twentieth century, when racism in the country is deemed to have been worse than in any other period after the American Civil War.

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