[35] The southern continent is called Aphrodite Terra, after the Greek goddess of love, and is the larger of the two highland regions at roughly the size of South America.

[215] Their light absorbance is almost identical to that of micro-organisms in Earth's clouds. Consequently, its distances at perihelion and aphelion (i.e., when it is nearest and farthest from the Sun, respectively) vary little from the mean distance. For the deity, see, Absorption spectrum of a simple gas mixture corresponding to, Green colour—water vapour, red—carbon dioxide, WN—, Defining the rotation as retrograde, as done by NASA space missions and the USGS, puts. ISSN 1406-0957. Here, ions of hydrogen and oxygen are being created by the dissociation of neutral molecules from ultraviolet radiation. Colour-coded global image of the topography of Venus below its obscuring clouds, based on radar data from the Magellan spacecraft with supplemental data from Venera and Pioneer Venus missions and Earth-based radar studies. In 1975, the Soviet Venera 9 and 10 landers transmitted the first images from the surface of Venus, which were in black and white. [39]:154 This is not because Venus is more volcanically active than Earth, but because its crust is older. Their intermittent appearance indicates a pattern associated with weather activity.

[71][72], Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus' atmosphere could have been much more like the one surrounding Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years,[73] a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere. Because of the all-enveloping clouds, little was known about Venus’s surface, atmosphere, and evolution before the early 1960s, when the first radar observations were undertaken and spacecraft made the first flybys of the planet. [124] To an observer on the surface of Venus, the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east,[124] although Venus' opaque clouds prevent observing the Sun from the planet's surface.

[14] The brightest magnitude occurs during crescent phase about one month before or after inferior conjunction.

The prominent red and pink region in the far north is the planet's highest terrain, Maxwell Montes. Venus is composed of smooth volcanic plains that cover most of its surface. [49][50], In 2008 and 2009, the first direct evidence for ongoing volcanism was observed by Venus Express, in the form of four transient localized infrared hot spots within the rift zone Ganis Chasma,[51][n 1] near the shield volcano Maat Mons.

Venus was the first planet to have its motions plotted across the sky, as early as the second millennium BC.[24].

"[99][100], In December 2015, and to a lesser extent in April and May 2016, researchers working on Japan's Akatsuki mission observed bow shapes in the atmosphere of Venus. [37][39], Several lines of evidence point to ongoing volcanic activity on Venus. In Arabic the name of Venus is Al-Zuhara ("the shining one"). Venus is the second planet from the Sun. Scientists now know, however, that Venus and Earth have evolved surface conditions that could hardly be more different. On Venus, a global resurfacing event may have shut down plate tectonics and led to a reduced heat flux through the crust. [201] The cycles of Venus were important to their calendar. He surmised the planet must have a much longer rotation period than had previously been thought. Viewed through a telescope, Venus presents a brilliant yellow-white, essentially featureless face to the observer. Galileo’s observation of the phases of Venus provided the first direct observational evidence for Copernican theory.
One of scientists’ major goals in studying Venus is to understand how its harsh conditions came about, which may hold important lessons about the causes of environmental change on Earth. Venera 4 showed the surface temperature was hotter than Mariner 2 had calculated, at almost 500 °C (932 °F), determined that the atmosphere was 95% carbon dioxide (CO2), and discovered that Venus' atmosphere was considerably denser than Venera 4's designers had anticipated. [151] Nonetheless, a cylinder seal from the Jemdet Nasr period and the Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa from the First Babylonian dynasty indicate that the ancient Sumerians already knew that the morning and evening stars were the same celestial object. Because Venus’s spin axis is tilted only about 3° toward the plane of its orbit, the planet does not have appreciable seasons. [68] This enrichment indicates an early divergence from Earth in evolution. [170], Little more was discovered about Venus until the 20th century. It was the first planet beyond Earth visited by a spacecraft (Mariner 2 in 1962), and the first to be successfully landed on (by Venera 7 in 1970). Images of Venus's surface from Venera 13 Composite views created from images of Venus’ surface taken by the Soviet Venera 13 Venus lander. Because they presumably formed in the solar nebula from the same kind of rocky planetary building blocks, they also likely have similar overall chemical compositions. The Ancient Egyptians and Greeks believed Venus to be two separate bodies, a morning star and an evening star.
In Sumerian religion, Inanna was associated with the planet Venus. [143] Captain Cook's exploration of the east coast of Australia came after he had sailed to Tahiti in 1768 to observe a transit of Venus. Wikisource has several original texts related to: This page was last edited on 3 November 2020, at 20:31. The Sun and most of the planets in the solar system rotate in a counterclockwise direction when viewed from above their north poles; this direction is called direct, or prograde.

Venus, second planet from the Sun and sixth in the solar system in size and mass. Radar observations of Venus were first carried out in the 1960s, and provided the first measurements of the rotation period, which were close to the modern value. [136] The planet's mean apparent magnitude is −4.14 with a standard deviation of 0.31.

Speculation on the possibility of life on Venus's surface decreased significantly after the early 1960s, when it became clear that the conditions are extreme compared to those on Earth. These features are volcanic in origin. This magnetic field is induced by an interaction between the ionosphere and the solar wind,[106][107] rather than by an internal dynamo as in the Earth's core. [37][38] Venus has some unique surface features in addition to the impact craters, mountains, and valleys commonly found on rocky planets.

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In 1982 the first colour images of the surface were obtained with the Soviet Venera 13 and 14 landers. [78][79], Thermal inertia and the transfer of heat by winds in the lower atmosphere mean that the temperature of Venus' surface does not vary significantly between the planet's two hemispheres, those facing and not facing the Sun, despite Venus' extremely slow rotation. [164][165], The 1639 transit of Venus was accurately predicted by Jeremiah Horrocks and observed by him and his friend, William Crabtree, at each of their respective homes, on 4 December 1639 (24 November under the Julian calendar in use at that time). The surface of Venus Shrouded by a thick atmosphere, the surface of Venus remained hidden until radar equipment arrived to probe the closest … Its obscured appearance results from the surface of the planet being hidden from sight by a continuous and permanent cover of clouds.

The period of its orbit—that is, the length of the Venusian year—is 224.7 Earth days. Findings from the first missions to Venus showed the reality to be quite different, and brought this particular genre to an end. This temperature is higher than that used for sterilization. As the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon, Venus can cast shadows and can be, on rare occasion, visible to the naked eye in broad daylight.

Venus shows a larger disc and "quarter phase" at its maximum elongations from the Sun, and appears its brightest in the night sky. The northern continent is called Ishtar Terra after Ishtar, the Babylonian goddess of love, and is about the size of Australia. [40] Exceptions are Maxwell Montes, named after James Clerk Maxwell, and highland regions Alpha Regio, Beta Regio, and Ovda Regio. Then, Venus Express by the European Space Agency (ESA) entered orbit around Venus in April 2006. Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → UniverseEach arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of". Venera landers in 1975 and 1982 returned images of a surface covered in sediment and relatively angular rocks.

Venus is the second planet from the Sun.

The Maya considered Venus to be the most important celestial body after the Sun and Moon. Earlier spellings of the name were written with the cuneiform sign si4 (= SU, meaning "to be red"), and the original meaning may have been "divine lady of the redness of heaven", in reference to the colour of the morning and evening sky. [166], The atmosphere of Venus was discovered in 1761 by Russian polymath Mikhail Lomonosov.

Misstated as "Ganiki Chasma" in the press release and scientific publication. [87][88] In 1995, the Magellan spacecraft imaged a highly reflective substance at the tops of the highest mountain peaks that bore a strong resemblance to terrestrial snow. Pulses of radio waves were beamed at the planet using the 300 m (1,000 ft) radio telescope at Arecibo Observatory, and the echoes revealed two highly reflective regions, designated the Alpha and Beta regions. The US hit 120,000 new COVID cases on Thursday, breaking records for the second day in a row, Scientists are tracking down deep sea creatures with free-floating DNA, The one ingredient you need to clean the dishwasher and four other gross household items, This scientist uses data from space to map clean water across the Americas, This on-the-go portable HD projector is on sale for $219.99. [34] Two highland "continents" make up the rest of its surface area, one lying in the planet's northern hemisphere and the other just south of the equator. [112] The erosion has increased the ratio of higher-mass deuterium to lower-mass hydrogen in the atmosphere 100 times compared to the rest of the solar system. [5] When Venus lies between Earth and the Sun in inferior conjunction, it makes the closest approach to Earth of any planet at an average distance of 41 million km (25 million mi). [129], Venus has no natural satellites. Although Mercury, the other inferior planet, reaches a maximum elongation of only 28° and is often difficult to discern in twilight, Venus is hard to miss when it is at its brightest. Currently, Japan’s Akatsuki is studying Venus from orbit.� 650 BC Venus fades to about magnitude −3 when it is backlit by the Sun. Updates? Alex Alemi's and David Stevenson's 2006 study of models of the early Solar System at the California Institute of Technology shows Venus likely had at least one moon created by a huge impact event billions of years ago.


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